Journal Description
Gels
Gels
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on physical and chemical gels. Gels is published monthly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, PMC, CAPlus / SciFinder, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Polymer Science)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 10 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.9 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Testimonials: See what our editors and authors say about the Gels.
Impact Factor:
4.6 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
5.2 (2022)
Latest Articles
Alleviating Effect of a Magnetite (Fe3O4) Nanogel against Waterborne-Lead-Induced Physiological Disturbances, Histopathological Changes, and Lead Bioaccumulation in African Catfish
Gels 2023, 9(8), 641; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9080641 - 08 Aug 2023
Abstract
Heavy metal toxicity is an important issue owing to its harmful influence on fish. Hence, this study is a pioneer attempt to verify the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of a magnetite (Fe3O4) nanogel (MNG) in mitigating waterborne
[...] Read more.
Heavy metal toxicity is an important issue owing to its harmful influence on fish. Hence, this study is a pioneer attempt to verify the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of a magnetite (Fe3O4) nanogel (MNG) in mitigating waterborne lead (Pb) toxicity in African catfish. Fish (n = 160) were assigned into four groups for 45 days. The first (control) and second (MNG) groups were exposed to 0 and 1.2 mg L−1 of MNG in water. The third (Pb) and fourth (MNG + Pb) groups were exposed to 0 and 1.2 mg L−1 of MNG in water and 69.30 mg L−1 of Pb. In vitro, the MNG caused a dramatic drop in the Pb level within 120 h. The Pb-exposed group showed the lowest survival (57.5%) among the groups, with substantial elevations in hepato-renal function and lipid peroxide (MDA). Moreover, Pb exposure caused a remarkable decline in the protein-immune parameters and hepatic antioxidants, along with higher Pb residual deposition in muscles and obvious histopathological changes in the liver and kidney. Interestingly, adding aqueous MNG to Pb-exposed fish relieved these alterations and increased survivability. Thus, MNG is a novel antitoxic agent against Pb toxicity to maintain the health of C. gariepinus.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gels for Removal and Adsorption)
►
Show Figures
Open AccessArticle
Xanthan-Gum/Pluronic-F-127-Based-Drug-Loaded Polymeric Hydrogels Synthesized by Free Radical Polymerization Technique for Management of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
by
, , , , , and
Gels 2023, 9(8), 640; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9080640 - 08 Aug 2023
Abstract
Smart and intelligent xanthan gum/pluronic F-127 hydrogels were fabricated for the controlled delivery of atomoxetine HCl. Different parameters such as DSC, TGA, FTIR, XRD, SEM, drug loading, porosity, swelling index, drug release, and kinetics modeling were appraised for the prepared matrices of hydrogels.
[...] Read more.
Smart and intelligent xanthan gum/pluronic F-127 hydrogels were fabricated for the controlled delivery of atomoxetine HCl. Different parameters such as DSC, TGA, FTIR, XRD, SEM, drug loading, porosity, swelling index, drug release, and kinetics modeling were appraised for the prepared matrices of hydrogels. FTIR confirmed the successful synthesis of the hydrogel, while TGA and DSC analysis indicated that the thermal stability of the reagents was improved after the polymerization technique. SEM revealed the hard surface of the hydrogel, while XRD indicated a reduction in crystallinity of the reagents. High gel fraction was achieved with high incorporated contents of the polymers and the monomer. An increase in porosity, drug loading, swelling, and drug release was observed with the increase in the concentrations of xanthan gum and acrylic acid, whereas Pluronic F-127 showed the opposite effect. A negligible swelling index was shown at pH 1.2 and 4.6 while greater swelling was observed at pH 7.4, indicating a pH-responsive nature of the designed hydrogels. Furthermore, a higher drug release was found at pH 7.4 compared to pH 1.2 and 4.6, respectively. The first kinetics order was followed by the prepared hydrogel formulations. Thus, it is signified from the discussion that smart xanthan gum/pluronic F-127 hydrogels have the potential to control the release of the atomoxetine HCl in the colon for an extended period of time.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Smart and Tough Hydrogels)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Highly Adhesive Antimicrobial Coatings for External Fixation Devices
by
, , , , , and
Gels 2023, 9(8), 639; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9080639 - 08 Aug 2023
Abstract
Pin site infections arise from the use of percutaneous pinning techniques (as seen in skeletal traction, percutaneous fracture pinning, and external fixation for fracture stabilization or complex deformity reconstruction). These sites are niduses for infection because the skin barrier is disrupted, allowing for
[...] Read more.
Pin site infections arise from the use of percutaneous pinning techniques (as seen in skeletal traction, percutaneous fracture pinning, and external fixation for fracture stabilization or complex deformity reconstruction). These sites are niduses for infection because the skin barrier is disrupted, allowing for bacteria to enter a previously privileged area. After external fixation, the rate of pin site infections can reach up to 100%. Following pin site infection, the pin may loosen, causing increased pain (increasing narcotic usage) and decreasing the fixation of the fracture or deformity correction construct. More serious complications include osteomyelitis and deep tissue infections. Due to the morbidity and costs associated with its sequelae, strategies to reduce pin site infections are vital. Current strategies for preventing implant-associated infections include coatings with antibiotics, antimicrobial polymers and peptides, silver, and other antiseptics like chlorhexidine and silver-sulfadiazine. Problems facing the development of antimicrobial coatings on orthopedic implants and, specifically, on pins known as Kirschner wires (or K-wires) include poor adhesion of the drug-eluting layer, which is easily removed by shear forces during the implantation. Development of highly adhesive drug-eluting coatings could therefore lead to improved antimicrobial efficacy of these devices and ultimately reduce the burden of pin site infections. In response to this need, we developed two types of gel coatings: synthetic poly-glycidyl methacrylate-based and natural-chitosan-based. Upon drying, these gel coatings showed strong adhesion to pins and remained undamaged after the application of strong shear forces. We also demonstrated that antibiotics can be incorporated into these gels, and a K-wire with such a coating retained antimicrobial efficacy after drilling into and removal from a bone. Such a coating could be invaluable for K-wires and other orthopedic implants that experience strong shear forces during their implantation.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibacterial Gels)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Layered Sol–Gel Deposition of a Sn, Ti, Zn, and Pr Mixed Oxide Thin Film with Electrical Properties for Gas Sensing
by
, , , and
Gels 2023, 9(8), 638; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9080638 - 08 Aug 2023
Abstract
This article presents a layered mixed oxide thin film composed of Sn, Ti, Zn, and Pr obtained by sol–gel deposition for gas sensing applications. The film was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy
[...] Read more.
This article presents a layered mixed oxide thin film composed of Sn, Ti, Zn, and Pr obtained by sol–gel deposition for gas sensing applications. The film was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), and Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). X-ray diffraction results showed the presence of a single crystalline phase with a cassiterite-like structure. Raman spectroscopy revealed characteristic bands of oxygen-deficient SnO2-based nanocrystallites. The band gap energy calculated from UV-Vis spectroscopy is Eg = 3.83 eV. The XPS proved the presence on the surface of all elements introduced by the inorganic precursors as well as their oxidation states. Thus, Sn4+, Ti4+, Zn2+, and Pr3+ were detected on the surface. Moreover, by XPS, we highlighted the presence of OH groups and water adsorbed on the surface. SEM showed the five-layer morphology of the film after five successive depositions. Electrochemical properties were determined by EIS-impedance spectroscopy. The selectivity for gas sensing was also investigated for methane, propane, and formaldehyde and the gas sensing mechanism was explained. The results indicated that the mixed oxide thin film exhibited high sensitivity and selectivity towards specific gases.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gels: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications in High Performance Chemistry (2nd Edition))
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
3D Printing Type 1 Bovine Collagen Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications—Physicochemical Characterization and In Vitro Evaluation
by
, , , , , , , , , and
Gels 2023, 9(8), 637; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9080637 - 08 Aug 2023
Abstract
Collagen, an abundant extracellular matrix protein, has shown hemostatic, chemotactic, and cell adhesive characteristics, making it an attractive choice for the fabrication of tissue engineering scaffolds. The aim of this study was to synthesize a fibrillar colloidal gel from Type 1 bovine collagen,
[...] Read more.
Collagen, an abundant extracellular matrix protein, has shown hemostatic, chemotactic, and cell adhesive characteristics, making it an attractive choice for the fabrication of tissue engineering scaffolds. The aim of this study was to synthesize a fibrillar colloidal gel from Type 1 bovine collagen, as well as three dimensionally (3D) print scaffolds with engineered pore architectures. 3D-printed scaffolds were also subjected to post-processing through chemical crosslinking (in N-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide) and lyophilization. The scaffolds were physicochemically characterized through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric Analysis, Differential Scanning Calorimetry, and mechanical (tensile) testing. In vitro experiments using Presto Blue and Alkaline Phosphatase assays were conducted to assess cellular viability and the scaffolds’ ability to promote cellular proliferation and differentiation. Rheological analysis indicated shear thinning capabilities in the collagen gels. Crosslinked and lyophilized 3D-printed scaffolds were thermally stable at 37 °C and did not show signs of denaturation, although crosslinking resulted in poor mechanical strength. PB and ALP assays showed no signs of cytotoxicity as a result of crosslinking. Fibrillar collagen was successfully formulated into a colloidal gel for extrusion through a direct inkjet writing printer. 3D-printed scaffolds promoted cellular attachment and proliferation, making them a promising material for customized, patient-specific tissue regenerative applications.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Engineering Hydrogel for Biomedical Applications)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Impact of Fat Replacement by Using Organic-Candelilla-Wax-Based Oleogels on the Physicochemical and Sensorial Properties of a Model Cookie
by
, , , , and
Gels 2023, 9(8), 636; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9080636 - 08 Aug 2023
Abstract
Oleogelation is an alternative process to improve the nutritional properties of food by creating soft-matter structures with the same functionality as commercial fats (shortenings). In this study, oleogels were produced by adding organic candelilla wax at 3% (OC03), 6% (OC06), and 9% (OC09)
[...] Read more.
Oleogelation is an alternative process to improve the nutritional properties of food by creating soft-matter structures with the same functionality as commercial fats (shortenings). In this study, oleogels were produced by adding organic candelilla wax at 3% (OC03), 6% (OC06), and 9% (OC09) to extra-virgin linseed oil, and then characterized by their physicochemical properties. Furthermore, the physicochemical and sensorial properties of five cookie formulations were evaluated. Organic candelilla wax influenced the oleogel formulations, giving higher values of color (L* and b*), texture, acidity index, and melting point. In the cookie formulations, the luminosity values decreased when the percentage of oleogel was increased; reddish trends were obtained (a* values) for the cookie where 70% of the fat was replaced by the oleogel (C70), and more yellow trends were obtained (b* values) for C100. The moisture content was higher in cookies with oleogels, but it was within quality limits. The percentage of fat migration was lower in cookies with a mixture of fats and oleogels. In terms of hardness, the substitution of oleogels resulted in softer cookies. In terms of the sensory evaluation, the most accepted cookie was C70. Therefore, this study demonstrates the possibility of using organic-candelilla-wax-based oleogels in a real food model rich in unsaturated fats.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Oleogels and Applications)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Non-Electroneutrality Generated by Bacteriorhodopsin-Incorporated Membranes Enhances the Conductivity of a Gelatin Memory Device
Gels 2023, 9(8), 635; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9080635 - 07 Aug 2023
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated the potential of gelatin films as a memory device, offering a novel approach for writing, reading, and erasing through the manipulation of gelatin structure and bound water content. Here, we discovered that incorporating a bacteriorhodopsin (BR)–lipid membrane into the
[...] Read more.
We have previously demonstrated the potential of gelatin films as a memory device, offering a novel approach for writing, reading, and erasing through the manipulation of gelatin structure and bound water content. Here, we discovered that incorporating a bacteriorhodopsin (BR)–lipid membrane into the gelatin devices can further increase the electron conductivity of the polypeptide-bound water network and the ON/OFF ratio of the device by two folds. Our photocurrent measurements show that the BR incorporated in the membrane sandwiched in a gelatin device can generate a net proton flow from the counter side to the deposited side of the membrane. This leads to the establishment of non-electroneutrality on the gelatin films adjacent to the BR-incorporated membrane. Our Raman spectroscopy results show that BR proton pumping in the ON state gelatin device increases the bound water presence and promotes polypeptide unwinding compared to devices without BR. These findings suggest that the non-electroneutrality induced by BR proton pumping can increase the extent of polypeptide unwinding within the gelatin matrix, consequently trapping more bound water within the gelatin-bound water network. The resulting rise in hydrogen bonds could expand electron transfer routes, thereby enhancing the electron conductivity of the memory device in the ON state.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Functional Gel)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
β-Caryophyllene-Loaded Microemulsion-Based Topical Hydrogel: A Promising Carrier to Enhance the Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Outcomes
by
, , , , and
Gels 2023, 9(8), 634; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9080634 - 07 Aug 2023
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Musculoskeletal pain and inflammation can vary from localised pain like pain in the shoulders and neck to widespread pain like fibromyalgia, and as per estimates, around 90% of humans have experienced such pain. Oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are frequently prescribed for such
[...] Read more.
Musculoskeletal pain and inflammation can vary from localised pain like pain in the shoulders and neck to widespread pain like fibromyalgia, and as per estimates, around 90% of humans have experienced such pain. Oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are frequently prescribed for such conditions but are associated with concerns like gastric irritation and bleeding. In the present study, a microemulsion-based gel comprising β-caryophyllene, isopropyl myristate, Tween 80, and normal saline was prepared as a topical option for managing topical pain and inflammation. The globules of the microemulsion were below 100 nm with a zetapotential of around −10 mV. The drug entrapment was >87% with a drug loading of >23%. The permeation studies established better skin permeation (20.11 ± 0.96 μg cm−2 h−1) and retention of the drug (4.96 ± 0.02%) from the developed system vis-à-vis the conventional product (9.73 ± 0.35 μg cm−2 h−1; 1.03 ± 0.01%). The dermatokinetic studies established the better pharmacokinetic profile of the bioactive in the epidermis and dermis layers of the skin. The anti-inflammatory potential in carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema was more pronounced than the conventional product (~91% vis-à-vis ~77%), indicating a better pharmacodynamic outcome from the developed system. The nanotechnology-based natural bioactive product with improved efficacy and drug loading can provide a better alternative for the management of musculoskeletal pain.
Full article
Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Cellulose-Based Metallogels—Part 2: Physico-Chemical Properties and Biological Stability
Gels 2023, 9(8), 633; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9080633 - 07 Aug 2023
Abstract
Metallogels represent a class of composite materials in which a metal can be a part of the gel network as a coordinated ion, act as a cross-linker, or be incorporated as metal nanoparticles in the gel matrix. Cellulose is a natural polymer that
[...] Read more.
Metallogels represent a class of composite materials in which a metal can be a part of the gel network as a coordinated ion, act as a cross-linker, or be incorporated as metal nanoparticles in the gel matrix. Cellulose is a natural polymer that has a set of beneficial ecological, economic, and other properties that make it sustainable: wide availability, renewability of raw materials, low-cost, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. That is why metallogels based on cellulose hydrogels and additionally enriched with new properties delivered by metals offer exciting opportunities for advanced biomaterials. Cellulosic metallogels can be either transparent or opaque, which is determined by the nature of the raw materials for the hydrogel and the metal content in the metallogel. They also exhibit a variety of colors depending on the type of metal or its compounds. Due to the introduction of metals, the mechanical strength, thermal stability, and swelling ability of cellulosic materials are improved; however, in certain conditions, metal nanoparticles can deteriorate these characteristics. The embedding of metal into the hydrogel generally does not alter the supramolecular structure of the cellulose matrix, but the crystallinity index changes after decoration with metal particles. Metallogels containing silver (0), gold (0), and Zn(II) reveal antimicrobial and antiviral properties; in some cases, promotion of cell activity and proliferation are reported. The pore system of cellulose-based metallogels allows for a prolonged biocidal effect. Thus, the incorporation of metals into cellulose-based gels introduces unique properties and functionalities of this material.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Properties and Applications of Cellulose Based Gel)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Polymeric Nanoparticles and Nanogels: How Do They Interact with Proteins?
Gels 2023, 9(8), 632; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9080632 - 06 Aug 2023
Abstract
Polymeric nanomaterials, nanogels, and solid nanoparticles can be fabricated using single or double emulsion methods. These materials hold great promise for various biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and their ability to control interactions with body fluids and cells. Despite the increasing
[...] Read more.
Polymeric nanomaterials, nanogels, and solid nanoparticles can be fabricated using single or double emulsion methods. These materials hold great promise for various biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and their ability to control interactions with body fluids and cells. Despite the increasing use of nanoparticles in biomedicine and the plethora of publications on the topic, the biological behavior and efficacy of polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) have not been as extensively studied as those of other nanoparticles. The gap between the potential of PNPs and their applications can mainly be attributed to the incomplete understanding of their biological identity. Under physiological conditions, such as specific temperatures and adequate protein concentrations, PNPs become coated with a “protein corona” (PC), rendering them potent tools for proteomics studies. In this review, we initially investigate the synthesis routes and chemical composition of conventional PNPs to better comprehend how they interact with proteins. Subsequently, we comprehensively explore the effects of material and biological parameters on the interactions between nanoparticles and proteins, encompassing reactions such as hydrophobic bonding and electrostatic interactions. Moreover, we delve into recent advances in PNP-based models that can be applied to nanoproteomics, discussing the new opportunities they offer for the clinical translation of nanoparticles and early prediction of diseases. By addressing these essential aspects, we aim to shed light on the potential of polymeric nanoparticles for biomedical applications and foster further research in this critical area.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Gel Processing and Engineering)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Gel Rheological Properties and Storage Texture Kinetics of Starches Isolated from Anchote (Coccinia abyssinica (Lam.) Cogn.) Cultivars
Gels 2023, 9(8), 631; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9080631 - 06 Aug 2023
Abstract
Anchote is a tuber crop indigenous to Ethiopia. Starch hydration properties and important gel characteristics which include: color, gel rheological properties (at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10% starch:water w/w) and gel texture evolution (at 10% starch:water w/w
[...] Read more.
Anchote is a tuber crop indigenous to Ethiopia. Starch hydration properties and important gel characteristics which include: color, gel rheological properties (at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10% starch:water w/w) and gel texture evolution (at 10% starch:water w/w), during 0 to 192 h storage (at 4 °C), of anchote starches isolated from four anchote cultivars (Desta 01, Desta 24, white and red) were evaluated and compared with potato and cassava starches (PS and CS). The lightness (L*) and whiteness scores of the anchote starch ranged up to >95, with slight differences among the cultivars, making them pure starches. Swelling power (SP) and water solubility index (WSI) of the anchote starches increased with increasing cooking temperature (40, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90 °C), and their rate of increase varied significantly with the control starches, as follows: CS < anchote starches < PS. Anchote starch gels resisted higher stresses before breaking their structure and showed higher elasticity with lower (tan δ)1 values than PS and CS gels. They also had greater viscoelastic moduli even at lower concentrations than the PS and CS gels, and their stability increased with increasing concentration. The study of the gels’ texture evolution during storage revealed that anchote starch gels had significantly higher (≥40%) initial and final (after 192 h) hardness and were less adhesive than the PS gel. Despite some significant differences in the studied starch gel quality parameters among the starches from the anchote cultivars, the results suggested their promising potential as additional new materials in the development of food products, specifically as a functional ingredient for the formulation of gel-like products.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Food Gels)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Development of Blended Biopolymer-Based Photocatalytic Hydrogel Beads for Adsorption and Photodegradation of Dyes
Gels 2023, 9(8), 630; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9080630 - 05 Aug 2023
Abstract
Blended biopolymer-based photocatalytic hydrogel beads were synthesized by dissolving the biopolymers in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([Emim][Ac]), adding TiO2, and reconstituting the beads with ethanol. The incorporation of modifying biopolymer significantly enhanced the adsorption capacity of the cellulose/TiO2 beads. Cellulose/carrageenan/TiO2 beads
[...] Read more.
Blended biopolymer-based photocatalytic hydrogel beads were synthesized by dissolving the biopolymers in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([Emim][Ac]), adding TiO2, and reconstituting the beads with ethanol. The incorporation of modifying biopolymer significantly enhanced the adsorption capacity of the cellulose/TiO2 beads. Cellulose/carrageenan/TiO2 beads exhibited a 7.0-fold increase in adsorption capacity for methylene blue (MB). In contrast, cellulose/chitosan/TiO2 beads showed a 4.8-fold increase in adsorption capacity for methyl orange (MO) compared with cellulose/TiO2 beads. In addition, cellulose/TiO2 microbeads were prepared through the sol–gel transition of the [Emim][Ac]-in-oil emulsion to enhance photodegradation activity. These microbeads displayed a 4.6-fold higher adsorption capacity and 2.8-fold higher photodegradation activity for MB than the millimeter-sized beads. Furthermore, they exhibited superior dye removal efficiencies for various dyes such as Congo red, MO, MB, crystal violet, and rhodamine B, surpassing the performance of larger beads. To expand the industrial applicability of the microbeads, biopolymer/TiO2 magnetic microbeads were developed by incorporating Fe2O3. These magnetic microbeads outperformed millimeter-sized beads regarding the efficiency and time required for MB removal from aqueous solutions. Furthermore, the physicochemical properties of magnetic microbeads can be easily controlled by adjusting the type of biopolymer modifier, the TiO2 and magnetic particle content, and the ratio of each component based on the target molecule. Therefore, biopolymer-based photocatalytic magnetic microbeads have great potential not only in environmental fields but also in biomedical fields.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogels with Appropriate/Tunable Properties for Biomedical Applications)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Tissue Reaction to Low-Density Polyacrylamide Gel as a Carrier for Microimplants in the Adipose Fin of Rainbow Trout
by
, , , , , , , and
Gels 2023, 9(8), 629; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9080629 - 05 Aug 2023
Abstract
The implantation of optical sensors is a promising method for monitoring physiological parameters of organisms in vivo. For this, suitable hydrogels are required that can provide a biocompatible interface with the organism’s tissues. Amorphous hydrogel is advantageous for administration in animal organs due
[...] Read more.
The implantation of optical sensors is a promising method for monitoring physiological parameters of organisms in vivo. For this, suitable hydrogels are required that can provide a biocompatible interface with the organism’s tissues. Amorphous hydrogel is advantageous for administration in animal organs due to its ease of injection compared to resilient analogs. In this study, we investigated the applicability of a semi-liquid 2.5% polyacrylamide hydrogel (PAAH) as a scaffold for fluorescent polyelectrolyte microcapsules (PMs) in rainbow trout. The hydrogel was injected subcutaneously into the adipose fin, which is a small, highly translucent fold of skin in salmonids that is convenient for implanting optical sensors. Using histological methods, we compared tissue organization and in vivo stability of the applied hydrogel at the injection site after administration of uncoated PMs or PMs coated with 2.5% PAAH (PMs-PAAH) for a period of 3 to 14 days. Our results showed that the introduction of PMs into the gel did not have a masking effect, as they were recognized, engulfed, and carried away by phagocytes from the injection site. However, both PMs and PMs-PAAH were found to provoke chronic inflammation at the injection site, although according to cytokine expression in the fish spleen, the irritating effect was local and did not affect the systemic immunity of the fish. Therefore, our study suggests low applicability of 2.5% polyacrylamide as a scaffold for injectable sensors within a timeframe of days.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogel Surface/Coating for Smart Drug Delivery and Medical Devices)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Studies of Poly(1,4-butanediol citrate) Gels for Cell Culturing
Gels 2023, 9(8), 628; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9080628 - 04 Aug 2023
Abstract
One of the main branches of regenerative medicine is biomaterials research, which is designed to develop and study materials for regenerative therapies, controlled drug delivery systems, wound dressings, etc. Research is continually being conducted to find biomaterials—especially polymers—with better biocompatibility, broader modification possibilities
[...] Read more.
One of the main branches of regenerative medicine is biomaterials research, which is designed to develop and study materials for regenerative therapies, controlled drug delivery systems, wound dressings, etc. Research is continually being conducted to find biomaterials—especially polymers—with better biocompatibility, broader modification possibilities and better application properties. This study describes a potential biomaterial, poly(1,4-butanediol citrate). The gelation time of poly(1,4-butanediol citrate) was estimated. Based on this, the limiting reaction time and temperature were determined to avoid gelling of the reaction mixture. Experiments with different process conditions were carried out, and the products were characterised through NMR spectra analysis. Using statistical methods, the functions were defined, describing the dependence of the degree of esterification of the acid groups on the following process parameters: temperature and COOH/OH group ratio. Polymer films from the synthesised polyester were prepared and characterised. The main focus was assessing the initial biocompatibility of the materials.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Supramolecular Gels)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Structural and Physical Characteristics of Mixed-Component Oleogels: Natural Wax and Monoglyceride Interactions in Different Edible Oils
Gels 2023, 9(8), 627; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9080627 - 04 Aug 2023
Abstract
Waxes and monoglycerides (MGs) added in edible oils form oleogels that can be used as an alternative structured fat, providing healthier substitutes to saturated and trans fats in foods. This study aimed to investigate the properties of oleogels formed by the interaction between
[...] Read more.
Waxes and monoglycerides (MGs) added in edible oils form oleogels that can be used as an alternative structured fat, providing healthier substitutes to saturated and trans fats in foods. This study aimed to investigate the properties of oleogels formed by the interaction between monoglycerides and different waxes in various edible oils. For this purpose, waxes, namely rice bran (RBW), candelilla (CDW), sunflower (SW), and beeswax (BW), together with MGs in a total concentration level of 15% (w/w) were dissolved in several edible oils (olive, sunflower, sesame, and soybean). The structure and physical properties of oleogels were investigated using texture analysis, polarized light microscopy, melting point measurements, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The hardest structure was produced by SW/MG (5.18 N), followed by CDW (2.87 N), RBW (2.34 N), BW (2.24 N) and plain MG (1.92 N). Furthermore, RBW and SW led to a higher melting point (69.2 and 67.3 °C) than the plain MG oleogels (64.5 °C). Different crystallization structures, i.e., needle-like crystals and spherulites, were observed depending on the type of wax, its concentration, and the oil used. These results can be used to control the properties of oleogels by adjusting the gelator composition for a variety of potential food applications.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Gel Applications)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Development of Soft Luliconazole Invasomes Gel for Effective Transdermal Delivery: Optimization to In-Vivo Antifungal Activity
by
, , , , , and
Gels 2023, 9(8), 626; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9080626 - 03 Aug 2023
Abstract
Luliconazole (LZ) is a good candidate for the treatment of fungal infection topically but has limitations, i.e., poor solubility and poor permeability to skin. Due to these limitations, multiple administrations for a long time are required to treat the inflection. The aim of
[...] Read more.
Luliconazole (LZ) is a good candidate for the treatment of fungal infection topically but has limitations, i.e., poor solubility and poor permeability to skin. Due to these limitations, multiple administrations for a long time are required to treat the inflection. The aim of the present study was to develop the invasomes (IVS) gel of LZ to improve the topical antifungal activity. The IVS was prepared by the thin-film hydration method and optimized by Box-Bhekhen design software. The optimized LZIVS (LZIVSopt) has 139.1 ± 4.32 nm of vesicle size, 88.21 ± 0.82% of entrapment efficiency, 0.301 ± 0.012 of PDI, and 19.5 mV (negative) of zeta potential. Scanning microscopy showed a spherical shape of the vesicle. FTIR spectra showed there is no interaction between the drug and lipid. Thermogram showed that the LZ is encapsulated into the LZIVS matrix. LZIVSopt gel (LZIVSopt-G3) exhibited optimum viscosity (6493 ± 27 cps) and significant spreadability (7.2 g·cm/s). LZIVSopt-G3 showed 2.47-fold higher permeation than pure LZ-gel. LZIVSopt-G3 did not show any edema or swelling in the skin, revealing that the developed formulation is non-irritant. LZIVSopt-G3 exhibited significant inhibition of the fungus infection (C. albicans) in the infected rats. The finding concluded that IVS gel is a good carrier and an attractive approach for the enhancement of topical delivery of LZ to treat the fungal infection.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Gels Engineering for Drug Delivery)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Immobilization of Bacteriophages in Ex Tempore Hydrogel for the Treatment of Burn Wound Infection
by
, , , , , , and
Gels 2023, 9(8), 625; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9080625 - 03 Aug 2023
Abstract
The resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a major problem for anti-bacterial therapy. This problem may be solved by using bacteriophages—viruses that can attack and destroy bacteria, including antibiotic-resistant ones. In this article, the authors compared the efficacy of topical bacteriophage therapy and
[...] Read more.
The resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a major problem for anti-bacterial therapy. This problem may be solved by using bacteriophages—viruses that can attack and destroy bacteria, including antibiotic-resistant ones. In this article, the authors compared the efficacy of topical bacteriophage therapy and systemic antibiotic therapy in the treatment of wound infections caused by ESKAPE pathogens in patients with limited (less than 5% of the body surface) full-thickness burns. Patients in the study group (n = 30) were treated with PVA-based hydrogel dressings saturated ex tempore with a bacteriophage suspension characterized by its lytic activity against the bacteria colonizing the wound. Patients in the control group (n = 30) were treated using etiotropic systemic antibiotic therapy, and the wounds were covered with gauze bandages soaked in an aqueous solution of povidone-iodine. An assessment of the decrease in the level of bacterial contamination of the recipient wounds in both groups was conducted after 7 days, and after that, free skin grafting was performed. On day 14 after free skin grafting, patients in both groups underwent incisional biopsy. The study group demonstrated an increase in the indices of proliferative activity (Ki-67), and angiogenesis (CD-31, VEGF) in the area of engraftment of the split-thickness skin grafts. The results indicate that PVA-based hydrogel wound dressings can be used as bacteriophage carriers for local antimicrobial therapy ahead of free skin grafting.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Hydrogels)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Comparative Study of MgO Nanopowders Prepared by Different Chemical Methods
by
, , , , , , , , and
Gels 2023, 9(8), 624; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9080624 - 02 Aug 2023
Abstract
Magnesium oxide (MgO) was synthesized by three different methods: the sol–gel (SG), microwave-assisted sol–gel (MW), and hydrothermal (HT) methods for comparing the influence of the preparation conditions on the properties of the products. The powders were annealed at 450 °C. The samples were
[...] Read more.
Magnesium oxide (MgO) was synthesized by three different methods: the sol–gel (SG), microwave-assisted sol–gel (MW), and hydrothermal (HT) methods for comparing the influence of the preparation conditions on the properties of the products. The powders were annealed at 450 °C. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM/HRTEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), BET specific surface area and porosity, photoluminescence, and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The samples consisted mainly of periclase as a crystalline phase, and the MW and HT preparation methods generated particles with higher specific surface areas. The powders had less-defined morphologies and high levels of aggregation. The optical band gaps of the samples were determined from UV DRS, and the photocatalytic activities of the magnesium oxides obtained by the three methods towards the degradation of methyl orange (MO) under UV light irradiation was evaluated.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Designing Gels for Catalysts)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Mesoporous Starch Cryoaerogel Material as an Emerging Platform for Oral Drug Delivery: Synthesis and In Vitro Evaluation
Gels 2023, 9(8), 623; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9080623 - 02 Aug 2023
Abstract
In this study, a starch cryoaerogel formulation was developed as a carrier for poorly water-soluble drugs, like atorvastatin. Cryoaerogels were generated through a sol–gel method combined with a freeze-drying technique, and atorvastatin was incorporated into the obtained mesoporous systems during the solvent exchange
[...] Read more.
In this study, a starch cryoaerogel formulation was developed as a carrier for poorly water-soluble drugs, like atorvastatin. Cryoaerogels were generated through a sol–gel method combined with a freeze-drying technique, and atorvastatin was incorporated into the obtained mesoporous systems during the solvent exchange stage. The formulated drug-loaded polymer structures were characterized in terms of their physicochemical properties, solid-state behavior, and cytotoxicity. They had a pore size of 27.56 nm and a drug loading size of 38.60%. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses indicated that atorvastatin was successfully incorporated into the cryoaerogel pores. The amorphous nature of the loaded drug was confirmed via X-ray diffraction (XRD). Furthermore, after the atorvastatin incorporation into the cryogel, the volume of nitrogen adsorbed on one gram of cryoaerogel (Vm), as well as the specific surface area (aBET) were reduced. The comparison between the drug release profiles of crystalline atorvastatin and the loaded formulation of atorvastatin showed that by including the drug into the pores of the developed cryoaerogel matrix its solubility was significantly improved—the time for the dissolution of 30% pure atorvastatin (t30%) was approximately 4 h, whereas the determined t30% for the formulated cryoaerogels was only 1 h. Moreover, the data from the MTT assay illustrated that the designed cryoaerogel could be used as a safe oral atorvastatin delivery system. According to obtained results, it could be concluded that the starch cryoaerogel formulation is a promising candidate for oral delivery of poorly water-soluble therapeutic agents.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Application of Aerogel)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Entrapment of Glucose Oxidase and Catalase in Silica–Calcium–Alginate Hydrogel Reduces the Release of Gluconic Acid in Must
by
, , , and
Gels 2023, 9(8), 622; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9080622 - 01 Aug 2023
Abstract
Glucose oxidase (GOX) and catalase (CAT) were co-immobilized in silica–calcium–alginate hydrogels to degrade must glucose. The effect of the enzyme dose (1.2–2.4 U/mL), the initial must pH (3.6–4.0), and the incubation temperature (10–20 °C) on the glucose consumption, gluconic acid concentration, pH, and
[...] Read more.
Glucose oxidase (GOX) and catalase (CAT) were co-immobilized in silica–calcium–alginate hydrogels to degrade must glucose. The effect of the enzyme dose (1.2–2.4 U/mL), the initial must pH (3.6–4.0), and the incubation temperature (10–20 °C) on the glucose consumption, gluconic acid concentration, pH, and color intensity of Verdejo must was studied by using a Box–Behnken experimental design and comparing free and co-immobilized enzymes. A reduction of up to 37.3 g/L of glucose was observed in co-immobilized enzyme-treated must, corresponding to a decrease in its potential alcohol strength of 2.0% vol. (v/v), while achieving a slight decrease in its pH (between 0.28 and 0.60). This slight acidification was due to a significant reduction in the estimated gluconic acid found in the must (up to 73.7%), likely due to its accumulation inside the capsules. Regarding the operational stability of immobilized enzymes, a gradual reduction in glucose consumption was observed over eight consecutive cycles. Finally, co-immobilized enzymes showed enhanced efficiency over a reaction period of 48 h, with an 87.1% higher ratio of glucose consumed per enzyme dose in the second 24 h period compared with free enzymes. These findings provide valuable insights into the performance of GOX–CAT co-immobilized to produce reduced-alcohol wines, mitigating excessive must acidification.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Food Gels)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Journal Menu
► ▼ Journal Menu-
- Gels Home
- Aims & Scope
- Editorial Board
- Reviewer Board
- Topical Advisory Panel
- Instructions for Authors
- Special Issues
- Topics
- Sections & Collections
- Article Processing Charge
- Indexing & Archiving
- Editor’s Choice Articles
- Most Cited & Viewed
- Journal Statistics
- Journal History
- Journal Awards
- Conferences
- Editorial Office
Journal Browser
► ▼ Journal BrowserHighly Accessed Articles
Latest Books
E-Mail Alert
News
Topics
Topic in
Gels, J. Compos. Sci., Molecules, Polymers
Recent Advances in Hydrogels
Topic Editors: Aline F. Miller, Florian J. StadlerDeadline: 30 September 2023
Topic in
Applied Sciences, Gels, Materials, Molecules, Nanomaterials
Modelling and Characterization of Soft and Supersoft Materials
Topic Editors: Aleksander Czekanski, Cuiying JianDeadline: 20 November 2023
Topic in
Applied Sciences, Energies, Gases, Gels, Nanomaterials, Processes
Multi-Phase Flow and Unconventional Oil/Gas Development
Topic Editors: Binfei Li, Wei Liu, Shibao YuanDeadline: 31 March 2024
Conferences
Special Issues
Special Issue in
Gels
Recent Advances in Crosslinked Gels
Guest Editors: Melike Firlak, John G. HardyDeadline: 10 August 2023
Special Issue in
Gels
Recent Developments in Food Gels
Guest Editors: Baskaran Inbaraj, Kandi Sridhar, Minaxi SharmaDeadline: 20 August 2023
Special Issue in
Gels
Cancer Cell Biology in Biological Hydrogel
Guest Editor: Weimin LiDeadline: 31 August 2023
Special Issue in
Gels
Functionalized Gels for Environmental Applications
Guest Editors: Luca Burratti, Paolo Prosposito, Iole VendittiDeadline: 10 September 2023
Topical Collections
Topical Collection in
Gels
Recent Advances and Future Perspectives in Stimuli-Responsive Gels
Collection Editors: Dirk Kuckling, Sandra Van Vlierberghe
Topical Collection in
Gels
Recent Advances and Future Perspectives in Organogels and Organogelators Research
Collection Editor: Jean-Michel Guenet
Topical Collection in
Gels
Hydrogel in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
Collection Editor: Esmaiel Jabbari